non-specific action also meant that they had more ways of interacting with and disturbing other metabolic pathways, creating a wide range of side effects

The oral antidepressants approved in the 1970s had a particular effect: they increased the availability of monoamines (lack of it will cause depressions)

FDA

• First, the sponsor files an Investigational New Drug Application (IND).
• In Phase 1 trials, researchers will study the drug's safety profile in a small group of healthy volunteers.
• Phase 2 trials will then ask questions about the drug's effectiveness
• Finally, Phase 3 trials have the largest and most diverse samples to ask questions about both safety and efficacy in different populations.

Upward et al., 1988

• they hypothesized that fluoxetine would have a lower risk of causing potential cardiac problems compared to amitriptyline.
• To test this, the researchers assigned 23 adults with depression and no previous heart conditions to a four-week treatment protocol with either amitriptyline or fluoxetine
• Finding
  • the group taking amitriptyline had significantly longer PR and QRS intervals (fainting, heart attack, or sudden cardiac arrest)
  • fluoxetine did not cause any significant changes in these intervals or heart rate.

Should they test healthy individuals tho?

In Gestalt psychology, the proximity principle refers to the tendency of people to perceive objects that are close to each other as belonging together as a group or unit.

For instance, consider a grid of dots on a piece of paper with some dots placed closer to each other than others. Without any specific instruction, people tend to group the dots that are close together as a unit or pattern, even if the dots are not physically connected.

This class teaches students to critique and apply website design principles based on Gestalt psychology.

Specifically, the proximity principle is taught, which refers to the tendency of people to perceive objects close to each other as belonging together as a group or unit. By understanding this principle, students can create website designs that group related elements together in a way that is intuitive and visually appealing to users.